India also argued that reforms limited to only non-permanent membership would not address the structural imbalance. A consolidated model excluding the expansion of both permanent and non-permanent categories, Harish warned, would only entrench the status quo.

Before his national statement, Harish spoke on behalf of the G4 nations—Brazil, Germany, Japan, and India—reaffirming their joint position that regional representation is the most time-tested and accepted framework. The G4 rejected proposals based on religion, stating: “Proposals to introduce new parameters, such as religious affiliation run counter to established UN practice and add considerable complexity to an already difficult discussion.”

The G4 emphasised that the current UNSC framework is outdated, reflecting a geopolitical reality that no longer exists. “Those who do not endorse real reforms that reflect contemporary realities fall on the wrong side of history, which is detrimental to all of us,” Harish said on behalf of the G4.

Outlining the G4’s proposal, he said the UNSC should be expanded from 15 to 25 or 26 members, with 11 permanent and 14 or 15 non-permanent members. Presently, the UNSC has five permanent members—China, France, Russia, the UK, and the US—and 10 non-permanent members elected for two-year terms.

The G4 (India, Japan, Germany and Brazil) emphasised that UN Security Council reform must include expansion in both permanent and non-permanent categories to address existing imbalances and reflect the aspirations of the developing world, particularly Africa. They urged the start of text-based negotiations with clear timelines.

In contrast, the Uniting for Consensus (UfC) group proposed expanding only non-permanent seats. The Arab Group called for proportional Arab representation, while France reiterated support for G4 countries as future permanent members with veto rights.

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